金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制和(he)(he)發展(zhan)新金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)、改(gai)進(jin)材(cai)料(liao)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、限度發揮材(cai)料(liao)潛(qian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(選用適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)許用應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)、分析金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)故(gu)障、確保(bao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)設計(ji)合理以及使(shi)用維(wei)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)安可(ke)靠(kao)，都是必不可(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)征)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本任務(wu)是正確地(di)選用檢測(ce)(ce)儀器、裝備和(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確定(ding)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)判據(ju)，并準確而(er)盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)快地(di)測(ce)(ce)出(chu)這種判據(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)和(he)(he)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為(wei)了確切表(biao)征金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)在使(shi)用(服役(yi))條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)所表(biao)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei),力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)盡量(liang)(liang)接近實(shi)(shi)際工作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普(pu)通金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近年來(lai)又發展(zhan)出(chu)模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗，即應(ying)用機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)模型(xing)，或甚至使(shi)用真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)(shi)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模擬機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)(shi)工作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)進(jin)行(xing)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗。通過這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗所得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用性(xing)能(neng)(neng))判據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)更真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)(shi)反映(ying)工作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)，具有(you)重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程(cheng)實(shi)(shi)際意義(yi)。但是，模擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗般缺乏普(pu)遍性(xing)，應(ying)用受到限制。然而(er)根據(ju)具體情(qing)況，進(jin)行(xing)部分模擬服役(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)是十分必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗設備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺寸(cun)和(he)(he)加工方(fang)(fang)法(fa)、加荷速率、溫(wen)度、介(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)等，均(jun)影響金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)。只有(you)采用相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗方(fang)(fang)法(fa)標準和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程(cheng)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)和(he)(he)可(ke)比性(xing)。正確選擇和(he)(he)執行(xing)標準，是確保(bao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)是研究金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下所表現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)和(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)。由(you)于作用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)式和(he)應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等(deng)(deng))和(he)受(shou)(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所處環境的(de)(de)(de)不同，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在受(shou)(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表現(xian)出(chu)各種(zhong)不同的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(如彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)強(qiang)度(du)(du)等(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)，通常用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)判據來(lai)表征(zheng)，如抗(kang)(kang)拉(la)強(qiang)度(du)(du) 、伸(shen)長(chang)率(lv)、沖擊韌度(du)(du)、疲勞限(xian)等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件的(de)(de)(de)服(fu)役條件復雜，因而，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件也是復雜而多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程需要(yao)考慮的(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)(shu)很多(duo)，常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du) 室溫(wen)(wen)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)、低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)按照定規律(lv)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)； B 應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)伸(shen)、壓縮、彎曲(qu)、扭(niu)轉、剪(jian)切、復合應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定規律(lv)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)隨機(ji)應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)； C 應變(bian) 軸向、徑(jing)向、表面、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應變(bian)； D 環境 空(kong)氣、真空(kong)、控制(zhi)(zhi)氣氛、腐(fu)蝕介(jie)質、海(hai)水、水蒸氣、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓、腐(fu)蝕、核輻照、宇宙空(kong)間(jian)等(deng)(deng)； E 加(jia)荷速(su)(su)率(lv)(或(huo)應變(bian)速(su)(su)率(lv))低(di)(di)速(su)(su)、中(zhong)速(su)(su)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)速(su)(su)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)等(deng)(deng)； F 應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或(huo)應變(bian))循環頻(pin)率(lv) 低(di)(di)頻(pin)、中(zhong)頻(pin)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)頻(pin)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)等(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)間(jian) 瞬間(jian)、短時(shi)、長(chang)時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)短時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)長(chang)時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)尺寸和(he)形狀(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)、薄膜(mo)、環形、C形、殊形狀(zhuang)、帶(dai)缺(que)口(kou)、帶(dai)預制(zhi)(zhi)裂(lie)紋或(huo)缺(que)陷、模型、實物(wu)等(deng)(deng)。 根據上述參數(shu)(shu)，已形成(cheng)(cheng)下述主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)普通力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)法:抗(kang)(kang)拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬(ying)度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強(qiang)度(du)(du)和(he)應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷(duan)裂(lie)韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)彎試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)扭(niu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)剪(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝(yi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如杯突、擴口(kou)、反(fan)復彎曲(qu)、鋼管壓扁、鋼絲纏(chan)繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是門綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)科，它(ta)與數(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、物(wu)理學(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)以及無線電(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)子(zi)計算機(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、數(shu)(shu)字顯示技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)液(ye)伺服(fu)控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應變(bian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、近代無損檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)密(mi)切相關。60年代以來(lai),由(you)于這些域的(de)(de)(de)先進成(cheng)(cheng)就應用(yong)到金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去，使(shi)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du)、能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)程度(du)(du)顯著(zhu)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，基本上可實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量和(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)圖表化(hua)(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)正(zheng)向著(zhu)無惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)子(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)盤自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(廣泛應用(yong)電(dian)子(zi)計算機(ji))的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向邁(mai)進。
